Quiz 74
Presentation of Quiz #74
***Reminder: Slides are copyrighted and cannot be copied for publication.
An 80-year-old male presented to the dermatology clinic with a several week history of scalp scales over the nape, temporal areas and ears. The patient reported no other symptoms other than mild pruritus. Skin scrapings were submitted to the microbiology laboratory. The following images were seen.
- What might be causing this problem?
- What additional tests should be performed? Why or why not?
- Based on additional testing, what do you suspect as the causative agent?
Scroll Down for Answer and Discussion
Answer and Discussion of Quiz #74
Several genera infect the skin of mammals, with Sarcoptes scabiei being found in humans, although some mange mites of animals occasionally cause a pruritic rash in humans. S. scabiei is microscopic and lives in cutaneous burrows, where the fertilized female deposits eggs. Scabies is transmitted by close contact with infested individuals, including touching, shaking hands, sexual contact, and contact in day care centers with children and the elderly. Scabies is common among those in overcrowded conditions, and has been associated with immigrants, poor hygiene, poor nutritional status, homelessness, dementia and sexual contact.The usual skin sites that are susceptible to infection are the interdigital spaces, backs of the hands, elbows, axillae, groin, breasts, umbilicus, penis, shoulder blades, small of the back, and buttocks. In this particular case, the scalp was also involved. The outstanding clinical symptom is intense itching. Scratching commonly causes weeping, bleeding, and sometimes leads to secondary infection.
A form of the infestation, called crusted scabies, can occur in immunosuppressed or anergic individuals; many mites are present in keratotic excrescences on the body and extremities, but pruritus is usually absent. This infestation is highly contagious and has been reported to be the cause of hospital epidemics. Scabies occurs worldwide, with at least 300 million cases each year.
Crusted scabies usually occurs in individuals with underlying immunosuppressive diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 infection, and leukemia, but has also been seen in healthy patients. Clinically, crusted scabies presents as dermatitis with an erythematous scaly eruption on the face, neck, scalp, and trunk. However, the plaques of crusted scabies can sometimes be misdiagnosed as psoriasis, eczema, Darier’s disease, contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, or an adverse drug reaction.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstration of the mites, eggs, or scybala (fecal pellets). Because the mites are located under the surface of the skin, scrapings must be made from the infected area (see image above).
1. Place a drop of mineral oil on a sterile scalpel blade. (Mineral oil is preferred to potassium hydroxide solution or water. Mites adhere to the oil, skin scales mix with the oil, the refractility differences are greater between the mite and the oil, and the oil does not dissolve fecal pellets.)
2. Allow some of the oil to flow onto the papule.
3. Scrape vigorously six or seven times to remove the top of the papule. (There should be tiny flecks of blood in the oil.)
4. Transfer the oil and scraped material to a glass slide (an applicator stick can be used).
5. Add 1 or 2 extra drops of mineral oil to the slide and stir the mixture. Any large clumps can be crushed to expose hidden mites.
6. Place a coverslip on the slide, and examine (first on low power). The adult mites range from approximately 215 to 390 µm in length, depending on sex. The eggs are 170 µm long by 92 µm wide, and the fecal pellets are about 30 by 15 µm. The fecal pellets are yellow-brown.
If mineral oil preparations of skin scrapings fail to demonstrate the mites, the encrusted skin scrapings, etc., can be placed in a small plastic box or small petri dish. The container should be left undisturbed at room temperature for 12 to 24 h. Away from the living host, the mites drop to the bottom of the box or dish and can be seen with a magnifying glass or dissecting microscope.
Discussion
The patient was treated with oral ivermectin and 5% topical permethrin; crust and scale removal was required for the scabicides to penetrate. The hyperkeratotic plaques resolved approximately 2 weeks later.
References:
1.Garcia, L.S. 2016. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 6th Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
2. Monsel, G, O Chosidow. 2012. Management of scabies. Skin Therapy Lett 17:1-4.
3. Anbar, TS, MB El-Domyati, HA Mansour, HM Ahmad. 2007. Scaly scalp associated with crusted scabies: case series. Dermatol Online J. 13:18.
Quizzes
Each Quiz has a two section format: the first section will present the Quiz topic and the second section will provide a discussion of the answer and/or various options in response to the Quiz situation presented to the user. In some situations, there may be more than one correct response.
The content within this site is made possible through the extensive contribution of Lynne S. Garcia, M.S., MT(ASCP), CLS(NCA), BLM(AAB), F(AAM), Director, Consultantation and Training Services (Diagnostic Medical Parasitology and Health Care Administration). For additional information, she can be contacted at LynneGarcia2@verizon.net.
Reference: Garcia, L.S. 2015. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 6th Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
- Quiz 1
- Quiz 2
- Quiz 3
- Quiz 4
- Quiz 5
- Quiz 6
- Quiz 7
- Quiz 8
- Quiz 9
- Quiz 10
- Quiz 11
- Quiz 12
- Quiz 13
- Quiz 14
- Quiz 15
- Quiz 16
- Quiz 17
- Quiz 18
- Quiz 19
- Quiz 20
- Quiz 21
- Quiz 22
- Quiz 23
- Quiz 24
- Quiz 25
- Quiz 26
- Quiz 27
- Quiz 28
- Quiz 29
- Quiz 30
- Quiz 31
- Quiz 32
- Quiz 33
- Quiz 34
- Quiz 35
- Quiz 36
- Quiz 37
- Quiz 38
- Quiz 39
- Quiz 40
- Quiz 41
- Quiz 42
- Quiz 43
- Quiz 44
- Quiz 45
- Quiz 46
- Quiz 47
- Quiz 48
- Quiz 49
- Quiz 50
- Quiz 51
- Quiz 52
- Quiz 53
- Quiz 54
- Quiz 55
- Quiz 56
- Quiz 57
- Quiz 58
- Quiz 59
- Quiz 60
- Quiz 61
- Quiz 62
- Quiz 63
- Quiz 64
- Quiz 65
- Quiz 66
- Quiz 67
- Quiz 68
- Quiz 69
- Quiz 70
- Quiz 71
- Quiz 72
- Quiz 73
- Quiz 74
- Quiz 75
- Quiz 76
- Quiz 77
- Quiz 78
- Quiz 79
- Quiz 80
- Quiz 81
- Quiz 82
- Quiz 83
- Quiz 84
- Quiz 85
- Quiz 86
- Quiz 87
- Quiz 88
- Quiz 89
Enter your email for New Product Updates
Contact Us
- 19250 Van Ness Avenue Torrance, CA 90501
- Local: (310) 787 - 6800
- Outside The Area: (800) 424 - 9394 | (800) 252 -1125
- New Customers: Sales@med-chem.com
- Customer Service: Customerservice@med-chem.com
- Existing Customers: Orders@med-chem.com